Invasive

Most Invasive Species in the World: Top 100 Tier List

A structured ranking of the most invasive species in the world, balancing establishment success, ecological disruption, spread potential, and how difficult the species is to remove once it takes hold.

Published: April 12, 2026Updated: April 12, 2026

Quick answer

Start with the direct answer, then use the ranking, methodology, and context below to understand what the headline really means.

If you want the cleanest invasive-animal answer in this dataset, lionfish, cane toad, and American bullfrog belong near the top because they combine spread, ecological disruption, and removal difficulty. Red fox, reticulated python, and other introduced vertebrates remain highly relevant depending on region.

Invasive-species rankings work best when they focus on ecological disruption rather than pure popularity. A species becomes important here because it spreads, establishes, and keeps changing systems after arrival.

That is why some relatively small animals outrank much larger ones. Invasiveness is about footprint and persistence, not only body size.

Tier-list table

Every tier-list table includes at least 100 ranked species, animal icons, tier labels, and links back into species pages.

Rank	Animal	Tier	Primary metric	Why it ranks	Read species guide
#1	Lionfish	D	High reef predation pressure	Lionfish leads because it combines fast establishment, broad prey pressure, and stubborn control problems in invaded reef systems.	Read species guide
#2	Cane Toad	D	Toxic rapid spread	Cane toad stays near the top because its toxicity and disturbance tolerance let it damage food webs far beyond a normal toad footprint.	Read species guide
#3	American Bullfrog	D	Aggressive amphibian expansion	American bullfrog belongs in the top tier because it is a broad-eating, hard-to-remove invader in many freshwater systems.	Read species guide
#4	Red Fox	D	Introduced predator pressure	Red fox ranks highly because it is an unusually effective adaptable predator in regions where native prey evolved without that exact pressure.	Read species guide
#5	Reticulated Python	E	Large-bodied introduced predator	Reticulated python is a major invasive conversation piece because once large constrictors establish, control gets difficult very quickly.	Read species guide
#6	Sika Deer	D	Vegetation and competition pressure	Sika deer matters because introduced deer can alter browse patterns, compete with natives, and persist across mixed landscapes.	Read species guide
#7	Dromedary Camel	D	Feral megaherbivore impact	Dromedary camel stays relevant because feral populations can impose large-scale water and vegetation pressure in arid systems.	Read species guide
#8	Honey Bee	E	Pollinator competition footprint	Honey bee is not a classic shock-value invader, but introduced populations can still reshape pollination competition in sensitive environments.	Read species guide
#9	Reindeer	E	Island and tundra grazing pressure	Reindeer earns a late slot because introduced populations can heavily pressure fragile northern vegetation where recovery is slow.	Read species guide
#10	Yak	E	Feral grazer persistence	Yak rounds out the list as a hard-environment grazer whose introduced presence can matter more than readers expect in thin ecological systems.	Read species guide
#11	Red Wolf	C	50/100 category fit	Red Wolf lands in the C tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#12	Northern Bald Ibis	C	47/100 category fit	Northern Bald Ibis lands in the C tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#13	North American Raccoon	D	43/100 category fit	North American Raccoon lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#14	Cockroach	D	42/100 category fit	Cockroach lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#15	Cat	D	42/100 category fit	Cat lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#16	Leopard	D	41/100 category fit	Leopard lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#17	Jewel Wasp	D	41/100 category fit	Jewel Wasp lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#18	Indian Peafowl	D	41/100 category fit	Indian Peafowl lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#19	American Bison	D	40/100 category fit	American Bison lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#20	Chinese Softshell Turtle	D	40/100 category fit	Chinese Softshell Turtle lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#21	Owl	D	40/100 category fit	Owl lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#22	Crow	D	40/100 category fit	Crow lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#23	Alpine Ibex	D	39/100 category fit	Alpine Ibex lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#24	Argus Monitor	D	39/100 category fit	Argus Monitor lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#25	Pigeon	D	39/100 category fit	Pigeon lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#26	Red Kangaroo	D	39/100 category fit	Red Kangaroo lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#27	Sulphur-crested Cockatoo	D	39/100 category fit	Sulphur-crested Cockatoo lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#28	Addax	D	38/100 category fit	Addax lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#29	Baird's Tapir	D	38/100 category fit	Baird's Tapir lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#30	European Hedgehog	D	38/100 category fit	European Hedgehog lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#31	Common Genet	D	38/100 category fit	Common Genet lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#32	Peregrine Falcon	D	38/100 category fit	Peregrine Falcon lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#33	Fox	D	38/100 category fit	Fox lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#34	Great Blue Heron	D	38/100 category fit	Great Blue Heron lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#35	Naked Mole-rat	D	37/100 category fit	Naked Mole-rat lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#36	Takhi	D	37/100 category fit	Takhi lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#37	Gaboon Viper	D	37/100 category fit	Gaboon Viper lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#38	Degu	D	37/100 category fit	Degu lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#39	Red Deer	D	37/100 category fit	Red Deer lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#40	Reeves's Muntjac	D	37/100 category fit	Reeves's Muntjac lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#41	Fallow Deer	D	37/100 category fit	Fallow Deer lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#42	Raccoon Dog	D	37/100 category fit	Raccoon Dog lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#43	Canada Goose	D	37/100 category fit	Canada Goose lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#44	Greater Adjutant	D	36/100 category fit	Greater Adjutant lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#45	Water Monitor	D	36/100 category fit	Water Monitor lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#46	Maine Coon Cat	D	36/100 category fit	Maine Coon Cat lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#47	Carp	D	36/100 category fit	Carp lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#48	African Wild Dog	D	35/100 category fit	African Wild Dog lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#49	Giant Anteater	D	35/100 category fit	Giant Anteater lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#50	Eurasian Lynx	D	35/100 category fit	Eurasian Lynx lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#51	Musk Ox	D	35/100 category fit	Musk Ox lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#52	Golden Pheasant	D	35/100 category fit	Golden Pheasant lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#53	Mandarin Duck	D	35/100 category fit	Mandarin Duck lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#54	Nile Monitor	D	35/100 category fit	Nile Monitor lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#55	Kookaburra	D	35/100 category fit	Kookaburra lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#56	Great Cormorant	D	35/100 category fit	Great Cormorant lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#57	Nine-banded Armadillo	D	35/100 category fit	Nine-banded Armadillo lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#58	Lizard	D	35/100 category fit	Lizard lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#59	Laughing Kookaburra	D	35/100 category fit	Laughing Kookaburra lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#60	Dung Beetle	D	35/100 category fit	Dung Beetle lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#61	Wolf	D	34/100 category fit	Wolf lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#62	Quenda	D	34/100 category fit	Quenda lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#63	Tiger Shark	D	34/100 category fit	Tiger Shark lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#64	Trumpeter Swan	D	34/100 category fit	Trumpeter Swan lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#65	Elk	D	34/100 category fit	Elk lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#66	Moose	D	34/100 category fit	Moose lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#67	Red-eyed Tree Frog	D	34/100 category fit	Red-eyed Tree Frog lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#68	African Jacana	D	34/100 category fit	African Jacana lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#69	Tawny Frogmouth	D	34/100 category fit	Tawny Frogmouth lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#70	Anhinga	D	34/100 category fit	Anhinga lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#71	Goose	D	34/100 category fit	Goose lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#72	Black Swan	D	34/100 category fit	Black Swan lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#73	Double-crested Cormorant	D	34/100 category fit	Double-crested Cormorant lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#74	Bushmaster	D	33/100 category fit	Bushmaster lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#75	Snowy Owl	D	33/100 category fit	Snowy Owl lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#76	Greater Kudu	D	33/100 category fit	Greater Kudu lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#77	Barn Swallow	D	33/100 category fit	Barn Swallow lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#78	Saimaa Ringed Seal	D	32/100 category fit	Saimaa Ringed Seal lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#79	Black-footed Ferret	D	32/100 category fit	Black-footed Ferret lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#80	Java Mouse-deer	D	32/100 category fit	Java Mouse-deer lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#81	Rhinoceros Viper	D	32/100 category fit	Rhinoceros Viper lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#82	Wallace's Flying Frog	D	32/100 category fit	Wallace's Flying Frog lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#83	Great Argus	D	32/100 category fit	Great Argus lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#84	Burrowing Owl	D	32/100 category fit	Burrowing Owl lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#85	Blue Duiker	D	32/100 category fit	Blue Duiker lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#86	Platypus	D	32/100 category fit	Platypus lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#87	Southern Viscacha	D	32/100 category fit	Southern Viscacha lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#88	Guanaco	D	32/100 category fit	Guanaco lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#89	Humpback Whale	D	32/100 category fit	Humpback Whale lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#90	Cecropia Moth	D	32/100 category fit	Cecropia Moth lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#91	Joro Spider	D	32/100 category fit	Joro Spider lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#92	Plains Vizcacha	D	32/100 category fit	Plains Vizcacha lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#93	Norwegian Forest Cat	D	32/100 category fit	Norwegian Forest Cat lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#94	Indochinese Box Turtle	D	31/100 category fit	Indochinese Box Turtle lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#95	Black-breasted Leaf Turtle	D	31/100 category fit	Black-breasted Leaf Turtle lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#96	Gorilla	D	31/100 category fit	Gorilla lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#97	Royal Antelope	D	31/100 category fit	Royal Antelope lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#98	Bush Dog	D	31/100 category fit	Bush Dog lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#99	Shoebill	D	31/100 category fit	Shoebill lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide
#100	Emperor Penguin	D	31/100 category fit	Emperor Penguin lands in the D tier for invasive based on AnimalDex canonical profile stats, species-guide traits, and category-specific biology signals.	Read species guide

Methodology

This section matters. It explains what the ranking is really measuring, where category boundaries matter, and why the page should not be read like junk SEO filler.

Ranking weight comes from establishment success outside native range, documented ecological pressure, predator or prey disruption, competitive effect, and practical difficulty of control.
This page stays animal-focused rather than trying to cover plants, fungi, and microbes. It is also limited to species represented in the AnimalDex dataset, so the list is best read as a strong animal-focused answer rather than a universal invasive-species census.
Where a species is better understood as regionally feral or introduced rather than one uniform global invader, the short reason states that context.

Breakdown and nuance

The strongest ranking pages explain where the headline answer is solid, where the category splits, and where readers should avoid overclaiming.

Lionfish is the clearest animal-only invasive headline here because it disrupts reef systems with a combination of predation pressure, rapid establishment, and frustrating control limits. Cane toad and American bullfrog stay close because they translate adaptability into broad ecosystem consequences.

If a reader mainly cares about large mammals, this ranking is not the best entry point. That is why the related page on the largest introduced and invasive animals exists separately.

Animal highlights

Use these species-linked highlights to move from the ranking into deeper AnimalDex guides.

#1High reef predation pressure

Lionfish

Lionfish leads because it combines fast establishment, broad prey pressure, and stubborn control problems in invaded reef systems.

Lionfish are venomous reef predators with ornate fins, patient hovering behavior, and major ecological impact where introduced beyond their native range.

Read species guide

#2Toxic rapid spread

Cane Toad

Cane toad stays near the top because its toxicity and disturbance tolerance let it damage food webs far beyond a normal toad footprint.

Cane Toad is a amphibian known for large warty body, poison glands behind the head, and tough adaptable ground movement.

Read species guide

#3Aggressive amphibian expansion

American Bullfrog

American bullfrog belongs in the top tier because it is a broad-eating, hard-to-remove invader in many freshwater systems.

The American bullfrog is a large pond and marsh amphibian known for deep calls, strong hind legs, and broad tolerance for warm freshwater habitat.

Read species guide

#4Introduced predator pressure

Red Fox

Red fox ranks highly because it is an unusually effective adaptable predator in regions where native prey evolved without that exact pressure.

The red fox is a versatile medium-sized canid known for sharp hearing, adaptable diet, and success in habitats ranging from remote countryside to cities.

Read species guide

#5Large-bodied introduced predator

Reticulated Python

Reticulated python is a major invasive conversation piece because once large constrictors establish, control gets difficult very quickly.

The reticulated python is one of the world’s longest snakes, built for stealth, constriction, and flexible hunting across forests, wetlands, and edge habitats in Southeast Asia.

Read species guide

#6Vegetation and competition pressure

Sika Deer

Sika deer matters because introduced deer can alter browse patterns, compete with natives, and persist across mixed landscapes.

Sika Deer is a mammal known for spotted coat in summer, stiff alert posture, and woodland-and-grassland grazing.

Read species guide

#7Feral megaherbivore impact

Dromedary Camel

Dromedary camel stays relevant because feral populations can impose large-scale water and vegetation pressure in arid systems.

The dromedary camel is a one-humped desert animal built for heat, distance, and dry-country travel.

Read species guide

#8Pollinator competition footprint

Honey Bee

Honey bee is not a classic shock-value invader, but introduced populations can still reshape pollination competition in sensitive environments.

Honey bees are social pollinators that collect nectar and pollen, coordinate foraging through shared signals, and help connect flowering plants to wider food systems.

Read species guide

#9Island and tundra grazing pressure

Reindeer

Reindeer earns a late slot because introduced populations can heavily pressure fragile northern vegetation where recovery is slow.

The reindeer is a cold-adapted deer famous for long migrations, broad hooves, and antlers on both males and many females.

Read species guide

#10Feral grazer persistence

Yak

Yak rounds out the list as a hard-environment grazer whose introduced presence can matter more than readers expect in thin ecological systems.

The yak is a shaggy high-altitude bovine adapted to cold plateaus, thin air, and rough mountain conditions.

Read species guide

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Related tier lists

Continue into nearby tier-list pages to compare more categories without losing context.

Invasive

Largest Introduced and Invasive Animals in the World: Top 100 Tier List

A structured ranking of the largest introduced and invasive animals, prioritizing body size first while still accounting for how disruptive those animals can become outside their native range.

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Adaptability

Most Adaptable Animals in the World: Top 100 Tier List

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Camouflage

Animals with the Best Camouflage: Top 100 Tier List

A structured ranking of animals with the best camouflage, focusing on concealment quality, background matching, adaptive color change, and how often camouflage changes outcomes.

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Tier-list FAQ

Short direct answers to the follow-up questions readers usually ask after the headline ranking.

What is the most invasive animal in the world?

In this dataset, lionfish is the clearest invasive-animal headline because its invaded-range impact is so consistently severe.

Why do smaller invasive animals often outrank bigger ones?

Because spread speed, reproduction, and ecological disruption usually matter more than raw body size.